[Intracranial trigeminal schwannoma with extension to infratemporal fossa, parapharyngeal space, orbit, maxillary sinus and nasal fossa]. / Schwannoma trigeminal intracraneal con extensión a la fosa infratemporal, espacio parafaríngeo, órbita, seno maxilar y fosa nasal. A propósito de un caso.

Schwannomas reach 8 to 10% of all intracranial tumors. Most originate at the vestibular root of VIII cranial nerve, but trigeminal tumors are infrequent. We present the case of a patient admitted at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez" (Mexico City) with a mass occupying the infratemporal fossa with involvement of nearby structures. Schwannomas with extension to the infratemporal fossa are rare. We review the anatomy of this region, the surgical approaches, which have been used and propose a different approach.

[Non-surgical potentially reversible dementias]. / Demencias potencialmente reversibles no quirúrgicas.

AIMS: In this study, we review dementias that are potentially reversible. The paper summarises the causes that essentially require management by medical means, while causes of a surgical nature will be dealt with in a second article. These papers attempt to avoid mistaken diagnoses and labels in patients with a high potential to improve their cognitive disorder and to guide us towards a more suitable management. DEVELOPMENT: Dementia is a public health problem, mainly in countries with long life expectancy. It has an incidence of 3-11% in patients over the age of 65, and 20-50% in those over 85 years old. Most of them (50-70%) have Alzheimer-type dementia, followed by the vascular type (20%); there is a smaller percentage of cases of the so-called subcortical dementias and also those secondary to medical and/or surgical conditions that suggest potential reversibility. These latter cases are not easy to recognise and their incidence, depending on the series, ranges from 0 to 37%. Once they have been diagnosed, it is still difficult to state whether they will in fact turn out to be reversible. Their most common causes, such as deficiencies, metabolic disorders, chronic diseases, toxins, and so on, must be detected as early as possible, which can be done by means of clinical observation and use of the laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: Although the potential to improve in patients with a diagnosis of reversible dementia is still subject to discussion, this brief review guides us in the search for their causes and their management, since late detection and management are very likely to be the cause of a poor progression.

Schwannoma trigeminal intracraneal con extensión a la fosa infratemporal, espacio parafaríngeo, órbita, seno maxilar y fosa nasal. A propósito de un caso / Intracraneal trigeminal schwannoma with extension to infratemporal fossa, parapharingeal space, orbit, maxillary sinus and nasal fossa

Los schwannomas constituyen del 8 al 10% de los tumores intracraneales. Su asiento principal es la rama vestibular del VIII nervio craneal, siendo los trigeminales de escasa frecuencia. Presentamos el caso de una paciente admitida en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez" de la ciudad de México con una masa en la fosa infratemporal con extensión importante a estructuras vecinas. Los schwannomas con extensión a la fosa infratemporal son raros. Revisamos la anatomía de la fosa infratemporal, los accesos quirúrgicos hacia dicha región, analizamos la serie de casos junto al nuestro y proponemos una modalidad quirúrgica distinta

Schwannomas reach 8 to 10% of all intracranial tumors. Most originate at the vestibular root of VIII cranial nerve, but trigeminal tumors are infrequent. We present the case of a patient admitted at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez" (Mexico City) with a mass occupying the infratemporal fossa with involvement of nearby structures. Schwannomas with extension to the infratemporal fossa are rare. We review the anatomy of this region, the surgical approaches, which have been used and propose a different approach

Demencias potencialmente reversibles no quirúrgicas / Non-surgical potentially reversible dementias

Objetivo. Revisamos las demencias que presentan un potencial de reversibilidad. El presente artículo resume las demencias de manejo básicamente médico, mientras que en una segunda entrega destacaremos las de índole quirúrgica. Estos artículos pretenden evitar los diagnósticos y etiquetas erróneas en pacientes que tienen un alto potencial de mejoría de su trastorno cognitivo y orientar hacia un manejo más adecuado. Desarrollo. La demencia es un problema de salud pública, principalmente en los países con expectativa de vida amplia. Su incidencia es de 3-11% en pacientes mayores de 65 años, y de 20-50% en mayores de 85 años. La mayoría (50-70%) presentan demencia de tipo Alzheimer, seguida del tipo vascular (20%), y quedan en menor porcentaje las denominadas demencias subcorticales y las secundarias a patologías médicas y/o quirúrgicas, potencialmente reversibles. Estas últimas no son fáciles de reconocer, y su incidencia en distintas series va del 0 al 37%. Una vez diagnosticadas, es todavía difícil poder asegurar si serán en realidad reversibles; por tanto, debemos detectar precozmente sus causas más comunes, como las carenciales, metabólicas, asociadas a enfermedades crónicas, tóxicas, etc., para lo que nos valdremos de la observación clínica y del laboratorio. Conclusiones. Aunque todavía se encuentra en disputa el potencial de mejoría de los pacientes con un diagnóstico de demencia reversible, esta revisión sucinta nos orienta a la búsqueda intencionada de sus causas y su manejo, ya que es altamente probable que su detección y manejo tardíos sean la causa de una pobre evolución

Aims. In this study, we review dementias that are potentially reversible. The paper summarises the causes that essentially require management by medical means, while causes of a surgical nature will be dealt with in a second article. These papers attempt to avoid mistaken diagnoses and labels in patients with a high potential to improve their cognitive disorder and to guide us towards a more suitable management. Development. Dementia is a public health problem, mainly in countries with long life expectancy. It has an incidence of 3-11% in patients over the age of 65, and 20-50% in those over 85 years old. Most of them (50-70%) have Alzheimer-type dementia, followed by the vascular type (20%); there is a smaller percentage of cases of the so-called subcortical dementias and also those secondary to medical and/or surgical conditions that suggest potential reversibility. These latter cases are not easy to recognise and their incidence, depending on the series, ranges from 0 to 37%. Once they have been diagnosed, it is still difficult to state whether they will in fact turn out to be reversible. Their most common causes, such as deficiencies, metabolic disorders, chronic diseases, toxins, and so on, must be detected as early as possible, which can be done by means of clinical observation and use of the laboratory. Conclusions. Although the potential to improve in patients with a diagnosis of reversible dementia is still subject to discussion, this brief review guides us in the search for their causes and their management, since late detection and management are very likely to be the cause of a poor progression

Neuroprotection in selective focal ischemia in rats by nitrates, an alternative redox manipulation on nitric oxide: experimental model.

The recent advances in the histopathology of ischemia have set forth new proposals, particularly in regard to excitotoxicity by the glutamate receptor, NMDA. The participation of the nitric oxide (NO) in normal and pathological conditions and its relationship with toxicity in ischemia, suggest new alternatives for the modulation of the NMDA receptor REDOX site through its pharmacologic manipulation. This event would potentially limit the consequences of the activation-calcium flow and the production of peroxoinitrite during the ischemic phenomenon. The present work delivers two proposals: 1) A modified technique to the ones that have been described, of endovascular, without craniectomy, for experimental cerebral ischemia in Wistar rats, and with particular harmful effect upon the hippocampus. 2) It promotes the use of nitrates as an additional alternative to other elements, in order to restrict excitotoxicity in the described experimental cerebral ischemia, and paying attention to CA1-CA2 of the hippocampus. This area, specially sensitive to hypoxia-ischemia, offers an excellent study option for focal, experimental, cerebral ischemia associated with toxicity mediated by excitatory amino acids, since it stores an important concentration of NMDA receptors (R1/R2 A) as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Our parameters are supported by quantitative-qualitative cell analysis, and not by the extension of the stroke which offers a more objective perspective upon the assessment of the focal ischemic event. By means of this technique, these results confirm the extent of the ischemic injury to the cell at the level of the hippocampus compared to a control/basal group, P = 0.0006. Furthermore, it suggests a neuroprotective effect of isosorbide dinitrate since it preserves the viable cells, and limits the appearance of hypoxic-ischemic cells at the hippocampus when the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is occluded endovascularly, as compared to the animals with no treatment P = 0.0080. However, other research lines are needed to compare the efficacy of this present work with other therapeutic proposals.